Simulate Electromagnetic Waves with MEEP: A Hands-On Introduction

Modern technology—everything from smartphones to solar panels—relies on understanding how electromagnetic (EM) waves behave. But how do engineers test new optical devices or antenna structures before physically building them?

That’s where simulation tools like MEEP come in.

🔍 What is MEEP?

MEEP (MIT Electromagnetic Equation Propagation) is a free, open-source electromagnetic simulator that uses the finite-difference time-domain (FDTD) method to solve Maxwell’s equations.

In simple terms: MEEP lets you model how light, radio waves, or other EM waves interact with materials and structures.

Whether you're designing a photonic crystal, optimizing a waveguide, or experimenting with metamaterials—MEEP gives you a powerful, flexible way to simulate it.

🧪 Why Use MEEP?

✅ FDTD-Based: MEEP uses a time-domain solver, making it great for broadband simulations.
💻 Python and Scheme Interfaces: You can write your simulations using Python—perfect for engineers, researchers, and students.
📦 Built-in Material Models: Includes support for dielectric, metallic, dispersive, and nonlinear media.
🌐 2D and 3D Simulations: From micro-resonators to antenna arrays, MEEP can handle real-world complexity.
📊 Outputs in HDF5: Easy to visualize and analyze results using tools like Matplotlib, h5utils, or ParaView.

🚀 What Can You Simulate?

Some common MEEP applications include:

Photonic crystals and bandgap structures
Waveguides and resonators
Nanophotonic devices
Optical cloaking and metamaterials
RF and microwave antenna design
Solar cell light absorption optimization

🛠️ Installing MEEP (macOS example with Conda)

MEEP and its dependencies can be tricky to compile manually. Luckily, you can install it easily using Miniconda:

conda create -n meep_env python=3.9 -c chogan -c conda-forge pymeep gsl=2.6
conda activate meep_env

This creates a clean environment with all necessary libraries, including pymeep, libctl, gsl, and harminv.

🧠 Your First Simulation (in Python)

import meep as mp

cell = mp.Vector3(16, 8, 0)
geometry = [mp.Block(center=mp.Vector3(),
                     size=mp.Vector3(1, 8, 0),
                     material=mp.Medium(epsilon=12))]
sources = [mp.Source(mp.ContinuousSource(frequency=0.15),
                     component=mp.Ez,
                     center=mp.Vector3(-7, 0))]

sim = mp.Simulation(cell_size=cell,
                    boundary_layers=[mp.PML(1.0)],
                    geometry=geometry,
                    sources=sources,
                    resolution=10)

sim.run(until=200)

This simple script simulates an EM wave interacting with a high-dielectric block in 2D.

📊 Visualizing Results

MEEP outputs data in .h5 (HDF5) format, which you can visualize using:

Matplotlib (for field slices and animations)
h5utils (h5topng, h5totxt)
ParaView (for advanced 3D viewing)

📚 Resources to Learn More

🧭 Final Thoughts

MEEP is one of the most powerful open-source tools for simulating EM waves. Whether you're a student learning about Maxwell’s equations or a researcher designing cutting-edge optical devices, MEEP puts real-world simulation at your fingertips.